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Regulation of ship pollution in the United States : ウィキペディア英語版 | Regulation of ship pollution in the United States In the United States, several federal agencies and laws have some jurisdiction over pollution from ships in U.S. waters. States and local government agencies also have responsibilities for ship-related pollution in some situations. ==International laws and regulations==
MARPOL 73/78 (the "International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships") is one of the most important treaties regulating pollution from ships. Six Annexes of the Convention cover the various sources of pollution from ships and provide an overarching framework for international objectives. In the U.S., the Convention is implemented through the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (APPS).〔Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships, .〕 Under the provisions of the Convention, the United States can take direct enforcement action under U.S. laws against foreign-flagged ships when pollution discharge incidents occur within U.S. jurisdiction. When incidents occur outside U.S. jurisdiction or jurisdiction cannot be determined, the United States refers cases to flag states, in accordance with MARPOL. These procedures require substantial coordination between the Coast Guard, the State Department, and other flag states, and the response rate from flag states has been poor.〔U.S. Government Accountability Office, Washington, D.C. (2000). ("Progress Made to Reduce Marine Pollution by Cruise Ships, but Important Issues Remain." ) Report to Congressional Requesters. Report No. RCED-00-48.〕 Different regulations apply to vessels, depending on the individual state.〔ANCO Maritime Activities Ltd., Piraeus, Greece (2011-04-11). ("Update to USCG requirements." )〕
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